Over the years I have seen every potential scenario discussed in this thread, cause a massive fish kill in someone's tank. From a new garden hose from China that was clearly labeled not for potable use, to a broken water main repair, and even a local who had a massive dose of Prime from an auto dose pump failure kill most of his fish. Sh!+ happens. If one is lucky, they can narrow the likely cause down to one single (later obvious) cause or event, other times it becomes a guessing game, with no real certain conclusion.
One thing that has always served me well over the years - is that each & every hobbyist needs to understand their limitations, with their set ups, and their fish, and then live by those limitations. Which always starts with understanding your local water supply, whether you are changing out 10 gallons, or 500. It all becomes relative. Disinfectant residuals (what form, and amount @ the tap), removal products for same, water temps, pH values, alkalinity, etc-etc. Then apply that, to the species of fish one keeps. What works for a goldfish, may not work with a stingray. This is not a one size fits all hobby.