I think that an actual self sustaining ecosystem is impossible for humans to set up, but I think we can do a good job of mimicking one really close to where you wouldn't see a problem for awhile... and it would seem that the bigger the system the longer time you'd have before you saw any problems. If you'd doing something like I am, an aquaponics set up designed to raise food fish and food plants, then it's nowhere near a self sustaining system... I input food & top off water, fish grow, fish output nutrients, bacteria converts nutrients, plants take up nutrients, I take out plant and fish. So it's far from self sustaining, but the water does stay amazingly clean
I'd be stumped trying to create a self sustaining system where you don't even input food or do any water changes or take out anything. You'd have to have everything from bacteria up to whatever your top level predetor is (fish) and everything inbetween... would seem like you'd have to have a lot of room to accomplish that. In a true self sustaining system you'd not even take out the decomposing fish!
Every step in that direction though would seem to mean less maintenace and it really is cool to work with nature, even if we can only glimpse a tiny portion of it.